Zero kelvin is the lowest possible temperature. At absolute zero, all motion comes to a standstill. It is obvious that a lower temperature is not feasible because there is no velocity smaller than zero and no energy content less than nothing. Wolfgang Ketterle More Quotes by Wolfgang Ketterle More Quotes From Wolfgang Ketterle When I run, I think about everything: physics, family problems, plans for the weekend. I haven't made any big discoveries on a run, but it does give me time to think through problems. Some solutions are obvious, but they are only obvious when you are relaxed enough to find them. Wolfgang Ketterle weekend running thinking Running and science draw on similar traits - stamina, ambition, patience, and the ability to overcome limits. Wolfgang Ketterle ambition overcoming running Amplifying atoms is more subtle than amplifying electromagnetic waves because atoms can only change their quantum state and cannot be created. Therefore, even if one could amplify gold atoms, one would not realize the dreams of medieval alchemy. Wolfgang Ketterle waves dreams change gold I think both running and science reflect certain character traits. I have endurance, patience, and ambition. I'm willing to work hard toward a goal, to push myself and overcome limits. Running and science both let me express these traits. Wolfgang Ketterle myself me work science Maybe if you win a Nobel Prize in economics, you make a lot of money by giving talks... but not in my area. Wolfgang Ketterle win you economics money When I was around thirty, I met my own personal challenge and finished a few marathons under three hours, and I have completed many long bicycle tours. Wolfgang Ketterle challenge bicycle my-own long After earning my Ph.D., I stayed at the Max-Planck Institute as a postdoc, working on laser excitation of Rydberg states of triatomic hydrogen and helium hydride. I also succeeded in analyzing all the emission spectra of helium hydride, which I had discovered during my Ph.D. Wolfgang Ketterle after which working earning Running is a way for me to relax. With one hour of intense running, I can get a lot of physical exercise. I can relax my body. I feel a tension in my muscles when I don't run. In that sense, I need to get out a few times a week in order to do my work as a scientist, which involves a lot of sitting still. Wolfgang Ketterle feel me relax work Auto emission is hazardous and has to be controlled. Wolfgang Ketterle emission hazardous auto controlled My explorations of the technical world started with Legos, with which I was quite creative in constructing moving objects with the basic building blocks that were then available. Wolfgang Ketterle building creative world moving Explorations into chemistry were done in our basement, sometimes with friends, and my parents must have had quite a bit of confidence in my abilities when they allowed me to experiment with explosive mixtures. Wolfgang Ketterle parents me confidence friends Imagine how many aspects of nature we would miss if we lived on the surface of the sun. Without inventing refrigerators, we would only know gaseous matter and never observe liquids or solids, and miss the beauty of snowflakes. Wolfgang Ketterle nature matter sun beauty Bose-Einstein condensation is one of the most intriguing phenomena predicted by quantum statistical mechanics. Wolfgang Ketterle mechanics most intriguing quantum Laser cooling opened a new route to ultralow temperature physics. Laser cooling experiments, with room temperature vacuum chambers and easy optical access, look very different from cryogenic cells with multi-layer thermal shielding around them. Wolfgang Ketterle new look physics easy When I was running the marathons in Munich, I always trained by myself. Between the demands of graduate work and a young family, I had to train at unusual hours. A few times, I ran home from my lab late at night, which was 20 kilometers out of town. Wolfgang Ketterle myself family work home As a scientist, I play in the top league - the Olympics, the World Championships - and I want to be in the lead. As a runner, I set personal goals, and I want to push beyond my own personal limits. I was very happy when I practiced for several months and then reached my goal to run a marathon in 2:50. Wolfgang Ketterle goals limits happy world I used the Nobel money to buy a house and for the education of my children. Wolfgang Ketterle money house education children When air is hot, the molecules move fast and they have high kinetic energy. The colder the molecules are, the smaller their velocities are and, subsequently, their energy. Temperature is simply a way to characterize the energy of a system. Wolfgang Ketterle high energy hot way Bose and Einstein had triggered low-temperature experiments that have led to the discovery of new matter. I owe my work and my Nobel to them. Wolfgang Ketterle new matter work discovery To go below one nanokelvin is like running a mile below four minutes for the first time. Wolfgang Ketterle go like first-time time
